How to Grow and Care for Parapolystichum

Smooth shield fern is a fern noted for its smooth stalk which is one of the things that differentiates it from the Raoul Island shield fern; it also has more hairs on its fronds. It can be found in damp coastal or stream banks and is endemic to New Zealand. Smooth shield fern was traditionally used by Maori as a treatment.

Parapolystichum acuminatum is a fern with elongated, lance-shaped fronds that taper to a pointed tip, indicative of its acuminatum namesake. Adaptable to shady forest understories, its dark green, glossy leaves unfurl from a central rhizome, contributing to the dense foliage that carpets the humid woodland floor. The architecture of its fronds provides resilience in the undergrowth, often serving as a backdrop to woodland biodiversity.

Parapolystichum kermadecense is a lush fern native to the subtropical Kermadec Islands. Its fronds are elongated, arching gracefully, and densely clustered, creating a tapestry of deep green. The fern thrives in the island's rich volcanic soil and humid climate, forming luxurious undergrowth in forested areas. This fern is particularly noted for its resilience to coastal winds and salt spray.

Parapolystichum microsorum subsp. microsorum is a resilient fern that thrives in shaded, moist environments like forest understories. Its delicate appearance belies its hardiness, with vibrant green, lace-like fronds that elegantly arch from a central point. This subspecies displays a particular fondness for well-drained soils, where its compact size allows it to flourish without competing for sunlight.