How to identify Spurges (Euphorbia)

How to identify Spurges (Euphorbia)

Spurges exhibits a diverse array of forms, ranging from small weeds to large shrubs and even small trees. These multi-lifecycled plants may appear as annuals, biennials, or mainly perennials. Notably, spurges bear a distinct milky sap, which exudes a toxic latex when stems or leaves are broken. This sap is a crucial identifying feature. Leaves and stems vary widely among species, but often they are simple and arranged in alternate patterns. The variation within spurges is significant, offering a plethora of unique physical traits across different species.

Lifespan: Perennial

Leaf Type: Semi-evergreen

Quickly Identify Spurges

Milky sap exudes from spurges when stems or leaves are damaged; toxic latex distinguishes it.

Leaves vary from elongated to broad with diverse coloration and textures, often veined.

Stems range from thin to cactus-like, fleshy or woody, with varying textures and colors.

Flowers arranged in unique cyathium clusters with colorful bracts, small size, and varied blooming periods.

Branching patterns of spurges differ greatly, ranging from dense shrubs to singular columns.

Detailed Traits of Spurges

Leaf Features

The leaves of spurges are diverse among species. Some feature elongated, succulent shapes while others present broad, flat forms. Coloration ranges from deep green to variegated patterns with white or yellow stripes. Leaf sizes can vary, typically spanning 1-4 inches (2.5-10 cm) in length. Texture is often smooth or slightly fleshy with distinct vein patterns. Certain species exhibit leaves emerging from thick caudices or along woody branches, adding to their unique appearance.

Learn About the Leaf Glossary

Flower Features

The flowers of spurges form a unique inflorescence known as a cyathium. This cluster, comprising both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers, is encircled by colorful bracts and nectar glands, mimicking a single flower. True flowers are tiny, without petals or sepals, and primarily function for reproduction. The bracts can be vibrant and visually appealing, aiding in attraction. Blooming periods vary among species, with sizes typically ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 inches (0.5 to 1.3 cm).

Learn About the Flower Glossary

Stem Features

The stem of spurges exhibits significant variation among species. It can be long and thin or thick and cactus-like, generally either fleshy and succulent or woody and branched. The texture ranges from smooth to slightly rough, often exhibiting a green to grayish-green hue. Some species may feature prominent ribbing or spines. Diameter varies greatly but can range from a few millimeters to over 2 inches (5 cm). Branching patterns also differ, with some forming dense shrubs while others remain singular and column-like.

Learn About the Stem Glossary

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