Alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus)

Alder buckthorn

Also known as: Butcher's frick tree

Alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) is a deciduous shrub native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. Alder buckthorn grows in wet soils in open woodlands and bogs. Commercially, it has been used in the manufacture of gunpowder. Alder buckthorn is considered an invasive species in the United States.

Scientific classification

Species

Alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus)

Roses, elms, figs, and allies

Instantly identify plants with a snap

Snap a photo for instant plant ID, gaining quick insights on disease prevention, treatment, toxicity, care, uses, and symbolism, etc.

Download the App for Free

Toxic to Humans

Toxicity

Perennial

Lifespan

Shrub

Plant Type

Spring, Summer

Bloom Time

Fall

Harvest Time

3 m to 7 m

Plant Height

2.5 m to 3.5 m

Spread

Green, Yellow, Red

Leaf Color

3 mm to 5 mm

Flower Size

Black, Red

Fruit Color

0 - 32 ℃

Ideal Temperature

Images of Alder buckthorn

Distribution of Alder buckthorn

Distribution Map

Alder buckthorn naturally populates temperate and subtropical regions across Europe, parts of Asia, and North Africa. Its range encompasses major portions of continental Europe, the British Isles, the Mediterranean basin, and extends into western Asia. It has also been introduced to Eastern Europe. Its ability to adapt to different habitats has allowed it to become widespread in these areas.

Native

Cultivated

Invasive

Introduced

No species reported

Discover plant distribution and habitat

Gain insights into where plants thrive and how they adapt, helping you identify, cultivate, and protect them with essential information on habitats, distribution maps, and climate trends.

Download the App for Free

Habitat

Swamps, damp places, moist heaths, damp open woods

Hemisphere Trend Curve

Northern

Sorthern

Culture

Garden Use

Large alder buckthorn shrubs make wonderful centerpieces in open gardens, while smaller variations work well as border shrubs. Their glossy leaves provide ornamental value for most of the year, with extra ornamental flowers in spring and berries in fall. Birds and bees visit this shrub throughout the seasons, making it a good addition to wildlife gardens.

Symbolism

Protection, Exorcism, Wishes

Name Story

Alder buckthorn: The genus name Frangula comes from latin frango meaning "to break" which is referring to the brittle wood. Both the common name alder buckthorn and specific epithet alnus refer to its association with alders (Alnus) on damp areas. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns on it.

Get quick plant knowledge with a snap

Snap a photo for instant plant identification and learn about its name, symbolism, interesting facts, uses, and more.

Download the App for Free

Cultivars

There are several recognized cultivars of Alder buckthorn, including the following common varieties :

Alder buckthorn 'Fine Line'

Toxicity

Alder buckthorn contains toxic glycosides causing stomach upset, vomiting, and diarrhea in both children and adults if ingested. All parts of alder buckthorn are toxic to cats and dogs, leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and weakness. Immediate veterinary care is essential for pets exposed to alder buckthorn.

Identify toxic plants in your garden

Find out what’s toxic and what’s safe for humans and pets.

Download the App for Free

Quickly Identify Alder buckthorn

Smooth, lustrous dark green leaves with 6-8 pairs of curving lateral veins.

Small globoid drupes transitioning from green to dark purple-black.

Branches with thorns, white lenticels, and distinct color shifts from young shoots to mature branches.

Creamy green flowers in solitary or umbel formations with 5 sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil.

Moderately-sized tree or shrub up to 16 feet (4.9 meters) with evergreen or deciduous habit.

Identify plants with a snap

Instantly identify plants with AI: Snap a photo, and get accurate results within seconds.

Download the App for Free

Care Guide for Alder buckthorn

Every 1-2 weeks

Water

Full sun

Sunlight

0 - 32 ℃

Ideal Temperature

Garden Soil

Soil Type

Water: Originating from wetlands, alder buckthorn thrives in moist, humid environments while being drought resistant. Water once every 1-2 weeks to replicate its natural habitat. As an outdoor plant in temperate regions, it benefits from rainwater to maintain optimal soil moisture for healthy growth.

Fertilize: For optimal growth of alder buckthorn, apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring, followed by monthly high nitrogen feeds. Reduce fertilization in autumn to prepare alder buckthorn for winter. Water thoroughly after feeding to prevent root burn, starting with half-strength for beginners.

Pruning: Alder buckthorn is a deciduous shrub with glossy green leaves and dark berries. Prune in early spring to maintain shape, removing damaged wood and thinning crowded branches for better air circulation. This minimizes stress and encourages healthy growth and berry development.

Propagation: Alder buckthorn can be propagated through cutting and layering methods in autumn and winter. It has a moderate propagation difficulty, indicated by noticeable new growth. Relevant tips for successful propagation are provided as necessary.

Repotting: Repot alder buckthorn every 2-3 years in early spring before active growth. Use a large container for root expansion, ensuring moist, well-drained soil and partial sun. Tailor care to replicate its natural woodland habitat for optimal recovery.

Get tips and tricks for your plants.

Keep your plants happy and healthy with our guide to watering, lighting, feeding and more.

Download the App for Free