Common hornbeam - Carpinus betulus (Care, Characteristics, Symbolism, Images)

Common hornbeam

Also known as: European hornbeam, Ironwood

Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is a deciduous small to medium-size tree that commonly grows in scree forests on mountainside cliffs. Common hornbeam often has a fluted and crooked trunk. The bark is smooth and greenish-grey, even in old trees. Common hornbeam is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in parks in northwestern Europe.

Scientific classification

Species

Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)

Beeches, walnuts, and allied trees

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Perennial

Lifespan

9 m to 12 m

Spread

Green, Yellow, Orange

Leaf Color

4 cm

Flower Size

Brown, Copper

Fruit Color

Yellow, Green

Flower Color

Green, Brown

Stem Color

Deciduous

Leaf type

5 - 32 ℃

Ideal Temperature

Spring

Growth Season

Slow

Growth Rate

Images of Common hornbeam

Distribution of Common hornbeam

Distribution Map

Common hornbeam naturally thrives in the broadleaf forests of Europe and portions of Western Asia. It has been introduced to various territories on the European continent's periphery and has acclimatized well enough to be considered cultivated in some regions beyond its native range.

Native

Cultivated

Invasive

Introduced

No species reported

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Habitat

Woodlands and hedgerows on sandy or clay loams.

Hemisphere Trend Curve

Northern

Sorthern

Flowering

Fruiting

Culture

Garden Use

Common hornbeam is an ornamental tree that may be used as a formal feature in gardens. It is more frequently used for screening or as wind or noise barriers, becoming attractive hedges and borders. It is valued for the red-hue of its autumnal leaves and for attracting wildlife.

Symbolism

Ornament

Interesting Facts

During the medieval era and even in Europe today, this tree has been a popular garden choice for pleaching. A topiary gardening technique, pleaching forms a wall of shade by growing trees together in an interwoven form. The branches will actually grow together as a result and form a natural graft.

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Quickly Identify Common hornbeam

Distinctive ovate leaves with serrated edges, 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) long, turning yellow in autumn.

Small nutlet fruit enclosed by a three-lobed leafy bract, less than 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) in diameter.

Male catkins are short and yellow, female catkins longer and green, essential for wind pollination.

Slender reddish-brown twigs with lighter lenticels, forming delicate branching patterns.

Smooth bark in youth, developing shallow furrows as it matures, distinctive fluted trunk texture.

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Care Guide for Common hornbeam

Every 3 weeks

Water

Full sun

Sunlight

5 - 32 ℃

Ideal Temperature

Garden Soil

Soil Type

Water: Common hornbeam thrives in temperate regions, preferring moderate moisture and consistent humidity while being drought resilient. It typically requires watering every three weeks, with reduced needs during winter dormancy.

Fertilize: For common hornbeam, use balanced fertilizers during the growing season and high nitrogen ones before spring. Fertilize biannually; apply sparingly to avoid root burn. Adjust application based on seasons, using slow-release options. Always water after fertilization to enhance nutrient absorption.

Pruning: Common hornbeam is a deciduous tree with dense foliage and attractive bark. Pruning involves removing dead wood, thinning for light penetration, and shaping for aesthetics, ideally done in early spring. This enhances air circulation, reduces disease risk, and promotes vigorous growth. Use clean, sharp tools for best results.

Propagation: Common hornbeam, a durable deciduous hardwood native to Europe and Asia, requires seed stratification to break dormancy for successful propagation. Sow in well-draining, fertile soil with consistent moisture. Alternatively, consider softwood cuttings during active growth for increased success in propagation.

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Images of Common hornbeam

Distribution of Common hornbeam

Culture

Quickly Identify Common hornbeam

Care Guide for Common hornbeam

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