

How to identify Scarlet beebalm (Monarda didyma)
Scarlet beebalm, also known as Oswego tea, Scarlet monarda
Scarlet beebalm boasts distinctive physical traits that aid in its recognition. This perennial showcases rigid, square stems paired with coarse, hairy leaves positioned oppositely. Unique to scarlet beebalm are the minuscule, leafy shoots nestled at the leaf axils. Its inflorescences are notable, comprising condensed clusters enveloped by leaf-like bracts. The flowers present a two-lipped appearance with extended, slender corolla tubes, reminiscent of decorative, elongated spouts. These key features render scarlet beebalm identifiable in its natural setting.
Square stems with opposite hairy leaves.
Leafy shoots at leaf axils.
Scarlet flowers in compact heads.
Tubular flowers with 2-lipped lobes.
Dry ovoid nutlets in small clusters.
The leaves of scarlet beebalm are 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cm) long, lance-shaped to ovate, and highly fragrant. They exhibit serrated margins and distinctive reddish veins. The undersides are characterized by spreading hairs, adding to their textured feel. These key features aid in the identification of the leaves.
Scarlet beebalm has striking scarlet flowers arranged in a compact, rounded head, approximately 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) wide. Each flower head is highlighted by a whorl of showy, red-tinged, leafy bracts. The zygomorphic flowers form in 1-2 whorls, featuring 13-15 veins and 5 teeth. The corolla is narrowly tubular, with 2-lipped lobes—erect and spreading. The upper lobe is longer than the lower lobe. Blooms from July to September.
The stem of scarlet beebalm is notably square in cross-section, a distinct characteristic within its genus. Thinly covered with fine, short hairs, the stem exhibits a lightly pilose texture. Typically, the stem measures about 2-4 feet (60-120 cm) in height and displays a green color that can sometimes have a slight reddish hue. It tends to have a sturdy yet slender structure and exhibits a modest level of branching, making it an easily recognizable feature of the plant.
The fruit of scarlet beebalm consists of small, dry ovoid nutlets, each bearing a hard, smooth surface. These nutlets typically measure about 0.08 inches (2 mm) in length. They are generally brownish in color and are borne in clusters. Appearing from September to October, these nutlets may often be overlooked due to their diminutive size but play a key role in the plant's reproductive cycle. They are not fleshy or juicy and do not have the traditional appearance of what many consider to be 'fruit'.
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Scientific Classification of Scarlet beebalm