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Top 20 Most Common Toxic Plants in Bhutan

Bhutan's diverse climate, ranging from subtropical to alpine, along with rich, moist soil, sets a conducive stage for a variety of flora, including toxic plants. The prevalence of toxic species is amplified by the country's lush vegetation and predominantly forested landscapes. Notable among these are Evergreen spindle, Evergreen azalea, and Rain lily, which are part of the ecology, posing potential risks to humans and animals.

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Most Common Toxic Plants
Evergreen spindle
1. Evergreen spindle
All parts of the evergreen spindle are considered toxic if ingested in large quantities. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening including vomiting, weakness, diarrhea, chills, convulsions, and coma. Since these plants are commonly used as ornamental hedges, you should be mindful of any children who may encounter the plant, be attracted by its colorful leaves and flowers, and may be tempted to eat them.
Toxic to:
Human
Evergreen azalea
2. Evergreen azalea
Evergreen azalea are members of the Rhododendron genus, all of which contain varying levels of a toxin known as Grayanotoxin in all tissues. Physical contact can cause a rash in sensitive people, the pollen can irritate mucus membranes, and ingesting it can cause nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia, low blood pressure, and hallucinations in humans. Grayanotoxin is so strong that even the amounts contained in honey made from Rhododendron pollen can have negative effects.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Golden dewdrops
3. Golden dewdrops
Golden dewdrops (Duranta erecta) is an ornamental sprawling shrub commonly found in subtropical and tropical gardens all over the world. Its gentle purple blossoms are often visited by butterflies and hummingbirds. Golden dewdrops is considered a weed in Australia, South Africa and certain parts of East Asia.
Toxic to:
Human
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Rain lily
4. Rain lily
The Zephyranthes candida is a rain lily that can be found in South America as well as in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe and North America where it has been naturalized. Its stunning white flowers bud late in August. They're called rain lily because they often flower after heavy rains.
Italian arum
5. Italian arum
Native to the Mediterranean, the italian arum is cultivated as an ornamental plant and has been naturalized in a variety of places, including the Caucasus region, Argentina, and the United States. The berries and leaves are considered to be poisonous and should avoid ingesting.
Toxic to:
Human
Durian
6. Durian
Durian (Durio zibethinus) is a tropical plant from Southeast Asia. It bears large, spiny, edible fruit which has become a major export crop of the region. The fruit is best known for its pungent smell, which provokes opposing reactions, ranging from near-addiction to revulsion. In some areas, it has even been banned from public transport and hotels.
Common columbine
7. Common columbine
All parts of common columbine, including the stem, leaves, flowers, and seeds, are toxic when they are ingested raw. Contact with the plant's sap may also lead to dermatitis (skin irritation and inflammation). The symptoms from common columbine poisoning are likely to cause only mild to moderate effects, but the symptoms are not well-known, since there are few documented cases of it. Adverse effects are most likely to occur from accidental ingestion.
Toxic to:
Human
Japanese pieris
8. Japanese pieris
Japanese pieris (Pieris japonica) is an evergreen shrub that produces chains of small flowers. But be careful, it can cause seizures and temporary blindness if consumed by animals or people. Even so, is sometimes grown in the foundation portion of gardens along with other shrubs.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Smoketree
9. Smoketree
Smoketree is a deciduous tree native to Southern Europe and Central China. The flowers of the smoketree are pinkish-purple and long-lasting. They grow in clusters along branches and give a smoky appearance to the tree when in bloom. In China, they are used as important fall decorations due to their foliage turn bright red in the fall.
Toxic to:
Human
Flame lily
10. Flame lily
Flame lily (Gloriosa superba) is a climbing flowering plant also known as the tiger claw, fire lily, and creeping lily. Flame lily attracts sunbirds and butterflies. This plant is extremely toxic when ingested.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Common boxwood
11. Common boxwood
Plants of genus Buxus are widely present around the world as а hedge or garden ornamental plants, but they contain alkaloids, most notably buxin, which are toxic to animals.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Common milkweed
12. Common milkweed
Plants of the Asclepias syriaca genus are extremely toxic to dogs—immediate veterinary attention should be sought if your dog has consumed anything of this type. Toxins are found in all parts of the plant. Symptoms of poisoning from common milkweed include weakness, dilated pupils, vomiting, and diarrhea. In more serious cases, these symptoms may progress towards difficulty breathing, an elevated heart rate, organ failure, coma, or death.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Barbados lily
13. Barbados lily
Barbados lily (Hippeastrum puniceum) is a perennial that grows from a bulb and will grow from 30 to 46 cm tall. A prolific bloomer, it blooms most months of the year with large, 15 to 30 cm long, orange flowers. It thrives in full sun to partial shade and prefers slightly acidic soil. Goes dormant after blooming.
Toxic to:
Pets
Sago palm
14. Sago palm
Many species within the Cycas revoluta genus are highly toxic to dogs - if you suspect your dog has ingested any part of a sago palm plant, you should contact a vet immediately. The Sago palm is a very common ornamental and is the most common culprit. These plants contain high concentrations of the cycasin toxin, which is found throughout their structures but is most concentrated in their seeds. Ingesting even a small amount of cycasin can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Larger amounts can cause damage to the intestines and liver, coma, or death.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Indian poke
15. Indian poke
Indian poke (Phytolacca acinosa) is a perennial shrub with deep red or purple berries. The genus name for this species comes from a Greek word for “plant” and a Latin word that means “dye,” and a look at the berries makes the reason obvious. Its mature leaves and stalks are poisonous.
Toxic to:
Human
Surattense Nightshade
16. Surattense Nightshade
True to this plant's reputation, consumption of surattense Nightshade can be extremely toxic to dogs, and warrants immediate veterinary attention. All parts of these plants contain several toxic substances which can cause loss of appetite, excessive drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils, confusion, behavioral changes, and weakness. In more severe cases, difficulty breathing, a lowered heart rate, coma, or even death may occur, so treat it as a medical emergency if your pet has come into contact with this plant.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Black nightshade
17. Black nightshade
True to this plant's reputation, consumption of black nightshade can be extremely toxic to dogs, and warrants immediate veterinary attention. All parts of these plants contain several toxic substances which can cause loss of appetite, excessive drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils, confusion, behavioral changes, and weakness. In more severe cases, difficulty breathing, a lowered heart rate, coma, or even death may occur, so treat it as a medical emergency if your pet has come into contact with this plant.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Dutchman's pipe
18. Dutchman's pipe
Dutchman's pipe is a hardy, deciduous vine that climbs trellises or walls and can provide privacy or shade with its dense, heart-shaped leaves. This vine grows small pipe-shaped flowers that give it its name. Dutchman's pipe attracts many swallowtail butterflies with its pretty little blooms.
Toxic to:
Human
Jerusalem cherry
19. Jerusalem cherry
True to this plant's reputation, consumption of jerusalem cherry can be extremely toxic to dogs, and warrants immediate veterinary attention. All parts of these plants contain several toxic substances which can cause loss of appetite, excessive drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils, confusion, behavioral changes, and weakness. In more severe cases, difficulty breathing, a lowered heart rate, coma, or even death may occur, so treat it as a medical emergency if your pet has come into contact with this plant.
Toxic to:
Human & Pets
Golden chain tree
20. Golden chain tree
The golden chain tree is used as an ornamental in gardens and patios. It gets its name from the cascading yellow flowers that bloom in late spring. The lumber can be used for cabinetry, inlay work, and musical instruments. The flexible branches also used to be important for making bows. The golden chain tree is toxic in its entirety and can be fatal if eaten.
Toxic to:
Human
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More Plants in Bhutan

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Most Common Flowers

Bhutan, nestled in the Himalayas, boasts a climate and soil conducive to the growth of its stunning native flowers. Among these resplendent blossoms are the , , and . These flowers add to the visual allure of the region and hold great significance in Bhutanese culture. With the information sourced from trusted references, this concise summary serves as a reliable guide to the remarkable floral diversity found in Bhutan.

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Most Common Fruits

Bhutan, endowed with varied agro-climatic conditions ranging from subtropical to temperate, boasts fertile soils enriched by mountainous, mineral-rich waters ideal for horticulture. Central to its agro-cultural heritage, prominent local fruit plants include , , and , each integral to the country's diet and traditions. These plants flourish within the unique Bhutanese topography, encapsulating the harmony between agriculture and biodiversity preservation in this Himalayan kingdom.

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Most Common Trees

Bhutan, known for its rich biodiversity, boasts a climate and soil conditions that support the growth of native trees. Three emblematic trees in this region include , , and . These trees hold significant cultural and ecological value within Bhutan, contributing to the country's lush forests and unique ecosystem. Their presence underscores the importance of preserving Bhutan's natural heritage.

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Most Common Weeds

In the temperate climate of Bhutan, with its abundant rainfall and fertile valleys, garden weeds flourish amidst cultivated landscapes. Common amongst these are , , and , each thriving in the region's conducive environment for plant growth. These persistent weeds pose a challenge for local gardeners, who strive to balance traditional practices with the need for effective weed management.

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Most Common Tall Trees

Nestled in the heart of the Himalayas, Bhutan's lush environment is ripe for nurturing robust flora, thanks to its temperate climate and undulating terrain ranging from subtropical plains to subalpine zones. Among the green giants that pierce the sky, the most prominent include , a species known for its sky-scraping height and ecological significance. Accompanying this giant are and , whose lofty canopies are integral to the region's biodiverse woodlands and hold historical reverence within local cultures.

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Most Common Plants

In Bhutan, you can find Asian Rice, Evergreen azalea, Hardy fuchsia, Evergreen spindle, Bigleaf hydrangea, and more! There are 434 types of plants in total. Be sure to look out for these common plants when you’re walking on the streets, in parks, or public gardens.

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